Problems Of Global Development Critical Reflection Paper...

CGS 2002F: Problems of Global Development Critical Reflection Paper A core of neoliberal policy has been promoting non-state actors, such as multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations and international development platforms. In the development sphere, state actors in the majority world have faced significant criticism from Western media. As a result, many international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) have become powerful in acting as the bridge between Western donors and the majority world. Thus, INGOs are integral to the neoliberal framework. The ideas in this paper have emerged from two interrelated areas of research: first, an exploration of the messages of INGOs in their appeals and initiatives, conducted by Nandita Dogra, and second, Kalpana Wilson’s analysis of INGOs’ portrayal of genders in the majority world. Dogra evaluates appeals by several INGOs, including Oxfam, Plan and Concern. She then explains that INGOs construct internal issues, such as overpopulation and corruption, and natural disasters, as th e primary causes of global poverty (74). Wilson’s research delves into publicity campaigns by Oxfam Unwrapped, Nike Foundation and Divine Chocolate, concluding that visual representations of the majority world is racialized and gendered (315). The portrayal of the poor in development discourses by INGOs as either â€Å"deserving† or â€Å"undeserving† of support is a common theme in the aforementioned areas of research, and will hence be a primaryShow MoreRelatedIndividual Global Crises Are the Result of a Failing Global System747 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction: When we solve problems we are taught to breakdown our issues into smaller components and analyze each piece separately in order to find a solution. This is a good method for problem solving, however, we must take into consideration that many problems are complex and their components intricately connected. 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Free Politics Essay International Political Economy Free Essays

â€Å"Do developments in international trade regime since 1995 (when WTO was formed) confirm Stephen Krasner’s theory concerning the determinant relationships between trade openness and balance of powerif not, what theory may explain these developments? 1.Introduction This paper aims to discuss and analyse the effects of trade openness (globalization, free trade and international trade organizations) on the political power of individual states by comparing the global globalization phenomena with Stephen Krasner’s realist view of the loss of state political power following trade openness. Has the opening up of borders to international trade, in the form of free trade and globalization, really resulted in a loss of political or economic power by developing countries, and a resulting social instabilityHas it also resulted in a win-win situation for hegemonic countries such as the United States? This paper aims to answer these questions by drawing up on the political realist views of Stephen Krasner (1976), political liberalism and comparing them to the increasing pace of globalization that has occurred following the establishment of the World Trade Organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Politics Essay: International Political Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2.International political economy Trade openness and its impact on state political power is studied under the umbrella of International Political Economy (IPE). Prior to modern research on globalization, economics and politics had been treated as different topics, with a different view on international relationships and globalization (Cohen, 2008), However an increasing emphasis on global outlook and increasing interrelatedness of political and economic occurrences, such as the establishment of OPEC and the Saudi Arabia oil crisis decades ago, has prompted a merger of both studies with the aim of studying how they affect each other. IPE is the study of the interrelatedness of international politics and global economy. It is a widely accepted view that political reforms and actions are enacted in a bid to attain state economic benefits, while economical situations within a country or region also greatly contribute to the resultant political climate (Hoekman and Kostecki, 1995). IPE is multidisciplinary and could be studied based on different contexts such as a regional or country specific focus; a global issue such as North – South relations. It could also be studied in the context of particular economic sectors, issues or social groups (Underhil, 2000). IPE therefore is very diverse. However as outlined by Underhill (2000), there are 3 basic fundamental principles that categorise any IPE study, and these are: Political and economic factors are jointly studied and cannot be separated. Political interaction is one of the major means through which economic structures are established and transformed in the market. There is a genuine connection between domestic and international level political and economic analysis and the two cannot be separated. Cohen (2008) further asserts that IPE aims to promote the ideology of connecting economics and politics beyond the confines of a single state, into a broader global view. It aims to study how a nation’s foreign policy are determined by the global environment, and how changes to international trade policies, could be enacted due to actions within a specific region (Frieden and Lake, 2000). The discussion of the factors affecting IPE are therefore crucial in this paper, as it helps the writer and prospective readers to understand the context within which globalization studies have taken place, and the underlying principles that promote political economists’ view of an interrelatedness between trade openness and balance of power. 3.International Trade a.WTO The World Trade Organization, established in 1995, is the main international body promoting free trade globally. Its main objectives are to oversee international trade rules, organize trade negotiations, enforce free trade agreements, and settle trade disagreements between member countries (Gallagher, 2005). Prior to its establishment in 1995, its predecessor was the GATT (General Agreements on Trades and Tariffs), which was established in 1948 with 23 member countries. The main aim of the GATT was to regulate trade tariffs on exported goods within member states. Following the Uruguay negotiation rounds that lasted from 1986 – 1993, the WTO was established as a supranational organization whose main aim is to liberalize global trade. In contrast to the predominant GATT system that only included tariffs for exported goods, the WTO contains 143 member countries and promotes trade negotiations and dispute resolve in not just exported goods, but also services and intellectual property. WTO has chaired over 400 trade disputes between member states from its commencement (WTO, 2009) and these disputes, mostly filed by an affected country, has resulted in a ruling which affects the economic policies currently in place in some countries. Therefore illustrating the strength of the global organization against individual economic policies if they go against international trade. b. Recent developments in world trade Since its inception in 1995, the WTO has aggressively pursued the following rules amongst its member states (Gallagher, 2005): Binding and enforceable commitments Safety values Reciprocity Non-discrimination Transparency Due to its global acceptance, and the membership of new states like China in 2001, world trade – as a result of these agreements and rules – has increased significantly since the WTO inception (Bagwell and Staiger, 2002). Merchandise exports rose by 9% in 2004, while trade in commercial services grew by 18%. China has also emerged as a major import and export market, and its share of international trade has continued to rise steadily since joining the WTO in 2001. Share of Chinese exports and imports in many member countries also doubled considerably between 2000 and 2004 (WTO, 2005). The increasing proliferation of Chinese products and its emergence as a global leader in merchandise export would not have been made possible without the WTO. China, India and Russia have also opened up their borders to international trade as a result of membership requirements in the WTO, therefore presenting an opportunity for developed countries such as the UK and US to outsource business processes into these countries, and also export business services (Kegley, 2000). The potential for world trade to continuously increase in coming years is therefore great, owing to an increasing acceptance of free trade by previously communist-laden economies. 4.Traditional Views of IPE a.Stephen’s Krasner’s realist view According to Stephen Krasner (1976), any state pursuing a trade openness agenda, usually does so with one of the following state interests in mind: Political power Aggregate national income Economic growth Social stability He further asserts that empirical neoclassical evidence suggests that the greater the degree of trade openness that any state has to the international trading system, the greater the level of aggregate economic income. Economic growths are also more pronounced in smaller states. Though trade may give the smaller state more welfare benefits, they however do not enjoy the same economies of scale, as do the large developed states. However, trade openness does lead to deleterious effects in terms of social stability and political power. Opening up of borders to international trade results may result in an increase of workload for the local working population. Developing countries that have a relatively small working population would be at a huge disadvantage, when compared to larger states that are able to alleviate any deleterious effects due to its large size and greater economic development. The difference in sizes between member states and variations in economic development also increases the potential for the emergence and dominance of hegemonic states. The large state can threaten to alter the trade system in order to secure economic or noneconomic agendas. These assumptions therefore lead to Krasner’s conclusions that globalization, especially when both developed and developing countries are joined together in mutual agreements, is usually for the benefit of the small number of large developed countries, who are able to gain economic and political benefits by requesting favourable trade deals. He further asserts that it is the power and policies of member states that create order in times of chaos, and by leaving transitional corporations to act on their own accord, could only lead to unfair competition and uneven distribution of wealth. Stephen Krasner therefore promotes political realism, and calls for a limitation of global trade, as governments opting for social stability and political growth should avoid entering trade agreements with developing countries that pose a significant threat to their development. The political realist’s view also supports the notion that the state should be totally responsible for dictating economic and political policies within a country, rather than having it decided by supranational entities (Robinson, 2001). b. Liberalist view of transnational trade Liberalism is the political view that supports the absence of state political influence, and increasing economic freedom – as it is known to correlate strongly with higher standards of living, social stability and peace (Moravcsik, 1997). Katzenstein and Koehane (1999) states that the main aim of political economic liberalism is to promote trade openness, free trade and limit government regulations in both domestic and international trade, as opposed to the realist view expressed earlier, which supports state control and protectionism. Drabek and Laird (1997) also states that liberalism aims to promote the free exchange of intellectual property, goods and services between international countries, without the disadvantages of tariff embargoes and import bans. Liberalism therefore focuses on the preferences of each state, rather than their military or economic capabilities. Instead of just promoting international trade with no state regulation, liberals largely support the establishment of supranational bodies, such as the European Union, and also global trade organizations (WTO) and custom unions between neighbouring countries (NAFTA, ASEAN). The emergence of these unions and trade bodies aim to promote liberalism by supporting trade negotiations, reducing tariff and promoting free trade globally (Gallagher, 2005). Bagwell and Staiger (2002) states that given the right factors, these supranational establishments provide the right framework for global cooperation and interaction. The emergence and dominance of such associations and unions in recent times largely emphasizes the role of liberalism in international political economics. Therefore, judging by the major research question in this paper, has the emergence of liberalism through free trade organizations and economic unions, confirmed Krasner’s view on trade openness and shift in the balance of power? 5.Discussion Based on existing literature and empirical evidence, it can be assumed that the WTO is the new proposed supranational body that governs the process of trade between its 143 member states. This significantly reduces the single power of each member state, and encourages mutual agreements and negotiations based on the objective of promoting free trade. It is indisputable that WTO has greatly promoted world trade since its inception, and that it has also given a number of developing countries such as China and India, the opportunity to join the global economy with the aim of promoting economic growth and aggregate national income. a.Political Power The increasing power and global acceptance of the WTO has significantly reduced the state political power of each member states, and its ability to impose tariffs and discriminate against imported goods. Thereby promoting international trade beyond levels witnessed prior to its establishment. In the advent that any participating member intends to impose a protectionist embargo on its domestic products or services, in a bid to save that industry, a member country of the WTO could file a dispute opposing those roles (WTO, 2009). Member countries that aim to adopt a realist approach in protecting domestic industries have seen their powers greatly reduced by the liberalism that constitutes globalization and free trade. This curb in state power has predominantly been seen as a major consequence of globalization. The ability to control the economies of the state, once an autonomous activity, is now based on the consideration of foreign, as well as local political and economical factors. b. Social Stability Trade openness usually results in an influx of foreign competitors and businesses that need human labour. The opening up of borders to international trade in countries that do not necessarily have the technological know how or human capital education to produce globally competitive products and services could lead to a social instability whereby labour is insufficient or lacks technical understanding. Thus confirming Krasner’s (1979) theory that openness creates more social instability in developing countries, as opposed to developed countries. China for instance, in the wake of joining WTO has seen a shortfall in agricultural output and a rise in manufacturing output (Bagwell and Staiger, 2002). Local manufactures are unable to compete effectively against foreign companies as Chinese companies lack to relevant technological know how and brand awareness in order to compete effectively in global markets, thereby putting it at a disadvantage. Foreign companies, laden with these resources, could therefore enter into the Chinese or Indonesian or Malaysian economy, with international brands and claim market share away from indigenous companies. The state, unable to exert protectionism or impose tariffs on foreign products is therefore powerless and unable to protect its industries. This occurrence is not limited to just South Asia. The emergence of China, as the ideal location to manufacture products cheaper, and also the emergence of India as an emerging technological services economy, has seen these jobs and industries gradually disappearing from developed countries such as the UK, EU and also the US. Manufacturing output in the UK has continuously accounted for a decreasing portion of national GDP since 1960 (ONS, 2009). Though US and EU economies can impose bans and subsidies for their agricultural industry, it may not be so viable in manufacturing. They have therefore had to succumb to international trade agreements and allowed the trade of cheaper Asian products in their economies, at the detriment of the once thriving manufacturing sectors (Krasner, 2009). However it is not all bad news for large developed countries. The fall in manufacturing output within these regions, has led to a rise in the service sector industry and also a rise in its export. UK services export has grown in recent years to 70% of Nominal GDP (ONS, 2009), and is increasingly becoming predominant especially in regions like India and China. It could therefore be argued that increasing global trade may have led to comparative advantage in these regions, whereby China with a huge number of human capital would be able to effectively attain world dominance in manufacturing output, while the UK and US with their technological supremacy, could maintain their competences in service based industries and intellectual properties. On the other hand, it seems like these arguments of social stability and industrial dominance can only be applied to large developed and developing countries. How about those countries in South America or in Africa that have opened up their borders to international trade as a purported means to attain economic growth and aggregate national incomeHave they enjoyed the benefits of globalization as the UK, US and China have? c.Effects of Trade Openness on Developing countries A state’s decision to open up its borders to free international trade has its advantages and disadvantages. One the plus side, it results in an increasing amount of foreign direct investments (FDI) in particular industries within the developing country (Robinson, 2001). Governments and indigenous corporations value FDIs as they lead to an increased economic growth and aggregate national income within the country. They also positively affect infrastructure development in the forms of schools, hospital and roads. Such global investments also tend to introduce new technologies into the economy that aim to increase productivity and therefore the competitiveness of the companies within the developing country (Bagwell and Staiger, 2002) However, a number of disadvantages also exist, such as promotion of particular industries such as financial services and manufacturing, and the lack of support for non-competitive industries such as Agriculture. This could result in a diversion of budget funds towards the growth of international profitable sectors, while leaving out sectors that are thoroughly essential for social health and standard of living. Also the increasing competition from market entry of foreign competitors would severely impair the competitive advantage of indigenous firms, if they do not possess the key factors for success that are essential to compete against global companies. A lack of competitive advantage could result in a divergence in population preference from locally produced goods, to international products. Thereby resulting in trade deficit – increasing import relative to export (Krasner, 2009). This occurrence seems to concur with Krasner’s assertion that trade openness furthers the rate of growth of large developed countries with advanced technologies and economies, as they do not necessarily have to protect infant industries from global competition and can also take advantage of the global world market. Though the general effects of free trade and globalization illustrate that developed and developing countries would be exposed to the threat of market entry and international competition, â€Å"it is only by maintaining technological lead and continually developing new industries can even a large state escape the undesired consequences of an entirely open economic system† (Krasner, 1976). This analysis seems contrasting with the predominant liberalist philosophy in that free trade promotes a mutual environment for all companies to trade freely and exchange products and services. What then happens to the developing countries that would be ridden with imported goods and services, but would not necessarily possess the industrial capacity that enables their industrial advancement or technology to compete effectively against international competitionShould they therefore succumb and be left with no indigenous products or services. 6.Conclusion Based on the review of existing literatures outlined in this paper and developments that have occurred since the establishment of the WTO, it can be confirmed that trade openness does result in a shift of power towards to few developed countries such as the EU, US, India and China that have the technological, economical or socio-cultural capabilities to compete effectively in the international market. The US may still have global hegemonic powers, due to its relative military and economic size, but its influence over globalization is increasingly being reduced by other countries and unions such as China, India and the EU, which possess valuable resources in manpower, technology and capital. However, developing countries such as Latin America, other Asian countries and Africa are left at a disadvantage, as they may not necessarily possess the relevant resources necessary to compete in the global economy. They are therefore left at the mercy liberalist transnational companies, trading under the auspice of ‘Free Trade’, who have relieved the state of its control over its political and economic climate, and therefore invaded these developing nations with its goods and services. Developments in world trade since 1995 therefore confirm Stephen Krasner’s theory that trade openness has resulted in a shift in power from developing countries to developed countries. 7.References Bagwell, K. and Staiger, R. W. (2002) The Economics of the World Trading System, The MIT Press. BBC (2009) Profile: World Trade Organization, www.news.bbc.co.uk Cohen, B. J. (2008) International Political Economy: an intellectual history, Princeton University Press, 210pp Drabek, Z. and Laird, S. (1997) The New Liberalism: Trade Policy Developments in Emerging Markets, WTO Research and Analysis: Working Papers, ERAD-97-07 Frieden, J. A. and Lake, D. A. (2000) International Political Economy: Perspectives on global power and wealth, Routledge, 485pp Gallagher, P. (2005) The first ten years of the WTO: 1995-2005, Cambridge University Press, 244pp Hoekman, B., and Kostecki, M. (1995) The Political Economy of the World Trading System, Oxford University Press Katzenstein, P. J., Keohane, P. O., and Krasner, S. D. (1999) Exploration and contestation in the study of world politics, MIT Press, 421pp Kegley, C. W. (2008) World Politics: Trend and Transformation, Cengage Learning, 636pp Krasner, S. D. (1976) State Power and the Structure of International trade, World Politics, Vol. 28 (3) pp 317 – 347 Krasner, S. D. (2009) Power, the state, and sovereignty: essays on international relations, Taylor Francis, 314pp Moravcsik, A. (1997) Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics, International Organizations, Vol. 51 (4), pp. 513 – 553 Office of National Statistics (2009) Index of Production: October shows 8.4% annual fall, www.statistics.gov.uk Robinson, W. I. (2001) Social theory and globalisation: The rise of a transitional state, Theory and Society, Vol. 30, pp157 – 200 Underhill, G. R. (2000) State, Market and Global Political Economy: Genealogy of an (inter-?) discipline, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) Vol. 76 (4), pp805-824 WTO (2009) What is the World Trade Organization, www.wto.org WTO (2005) Trade Growth in 2005 to slow from record 2004 pace, WTO: 2005 Press Releases, 27/10/2005, www.wto.org How to cite Free Politics Essay: International Political Economy, Essay examples

Sexual Harassment Essay Example For Students

Sexual Harassment Essay Sexual Harassment Essay Sexual harassment in the workplace is a very big problem today. It is a problem that hasnt really drawn much attention until now. More and more sexual harassment cases have been brought up today than ever before. We here about a harassment case in the papers almost everyday. Sexual harassment has even drawn attention to movies. One movie that has drawn its most recent attention to sexual harassment is Disclosure. So, as junior high school students, you should be aware of the reprimands that you will receive if caught violating the schools sexual harassment policy. Although sexual harassment policies differ somewhat in their wording, behavior and their punishments are the same throughout. The behavior of those sexually harassing another is, to put it nicely, utterly disgusting. It could also be humiliating, embarrassing, and could even lower ones self-esteem. Behavior that constitutes for sexual harassment is broad in range. Say a male teacher I say male and not female because the victim is nearly always a woman (Goodman 603) comes up to you during class and says that he will give you an automatic A on the final exam if you just Would you be offended? Would you go home and tell your parents? I am sure any normal person would do so. According to many sexual harassment policies, these are some of the behavior signs : lewd remarks, pressure for sexual favors, unwelcome sexual advances, etc. (Tufts University 599) The list goes on and on. So if you have been exposed to one of these signs, file a complaint as soon as possible. Sexual harassment is not a joke. If you still choose to sexually harass one of your peers, there are some severe punishments that will accompany your actions. Suspension, in some cases, expulsion, will occur. The charges will be put o your permanent record card and will haunt you for the rest of your life. Try to get a good job in the future with a sexual harassment charge in your file. Good like. Have fun flipping burgers for the rest of your life. Like I said before, sexual harassment is not a joke and will not be tolerated in any way. According to journalist Ellen Goodman, women have learned to retaliate against crude comments from their male peers. The good news is that women have stopped rolling their eyes at each other and starting speaking out (603). Women now know their rights against sexual harassment and are taking action. My advice to all you young ladies out there, as well as gentleman, is not to just blow off excessive joking about sex, ones anatomy, etc. Take action immediately before it turns into something worse. In conclusion, I would just like to say that if one of these things I talked about is happening to you, do not take it as a joke and take action immediately. There are many places here to assist you if you are having any trouble. Do not hesitate to ask. And remember all of the consequences and punishments that go along with sexual harassment. If you want to spend your life doing a job that you hate because you messed up in your younger years doing something as stupid as sexual harassment, go ahead and open your mouth. Just remember that you were warned about the consequences of sexual harassment and you choose to do what you do. And for all of you out there remember this : Sexual Harassment is not a joke, and you do not have to take it! .

Inside The Mouse Essays - Walt Disney Parks And Resorts,

Inside The Mouse Disney World places social controls on its visitors and workers in many ways. Disney is a very large corporation and has the power to implement these controls. The major forms of social control that I found were; consumerism, security, technology, location, conformity, and standards of behavior. Through these forms of social controls, Disney is able to control its visitors and workers. Consumerism at Disney starts before the visitors even get to Disney World. The consumerism starts with the pictures in the brochures. Selling the visitors on Disney World even before they get there. Showing pictures of happy families enjoying themselves at Disney World sells the idea of a safe and nice vacation to the visitors. When the visitor finally arrives at Disney, they are bombarded with products that have the Disney logo on them. Selling the visitors official Disney products. The products sold at Disney symbolize the goodness that Disney possesses. When the visitors purchase these products of memorabilia, it gives them the identity that they are good also, just like Disney is. If the visitors' identity is good, they will feel safer at Disney World. This leads into the next form of social control at Disney World, security. Visitors to Disney World very rarely hear about accidents or crimes committed there. As Karen Klugman says in the book, Unless you live in Orlando and watch Channel 6 or know someone who works at the parks, you have probably never heard of any problems (104). I personally have never heard of any problems at any of the Disney parks. Having only been to the park in Orlando and the park in Tokyo, Japan, I felt very safe at both locations. This could be because Disney is a very safe place or that the news never gets out. I would imagine that the news never gets out past the cities the parks are located in. By keeping the parks safe, Disney gives the visitors a very good sense of safety. Disney is able to control its own environment for the visitors. It is a very powerful and rich corporation. There is always a Disney staff member around to help with minor accidents. If a child falls and scraped their knee I am sure, that Goofy or Mickey is right around the corner to help comfort the chil d. When Disney staff do this it gives the parents a greater sense of security for their children and themselves. With information booths and staff running around everywhere in costumes the visitors feel safe, especially the visitors with children. When Disney staff do this it gives the parents a greater sense of security for their children and themselves. With information booths and staff running around everywhere in costumes the visitors feel safe, especially the visitors with children. If a child gets separated from their parents, it will not be long before the child is returned or kept in a safe place until their parents are located. These are some of the reasons that Disney is a safe and pleasurable place for a family vacation. There is no perceivable danger to the visitors in a trip to Disney World. The world of technology also affects the visitors and workers at Disney. Through great advances in technology, Disney is a safe and almost crime free environment. With the use of surveillance cameras and new technology for rides and other attractions, Disney is a fairly safe place. There are surveillance cameras on the rides to ensure that unruly guests will not exit or disturb the attractions. With this technology making the environment inside Disney safer, the visitors feel safer. The technology at Disney also keeps dishonest and delinquent employees out of trouble. I am sure that the employees are watched as much if not more than the visitors are. If an employee decides to wonder off and take a break on the clock or skim a little amount of money out of the cash register someone will notice. This gives not only the employees a sense of a safe environment to work in; it also gives the visitors the same feeling. If the employees at Disney are honest and accountable, the visitors will feel safer being there. As described in Inside

Guava fruit Essays

Guava fruit Essays Guava fruit Essay Guava fruit Essay The intestinal digestive enzymes alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase are plays a vital role in the carbohydrate digestion. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach reduces the post prandial glucose level in blood by the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes. These can be an important strategy in management of blood glucose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical bioactive compounds of the methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves, its in vitro anti-diabetic activity.The assay results suggests that the presence of bioactive compounds, could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant including diabetes, the extract exhibit the dose-dependent increase in inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase enzyme (upto 89. 4%), and alpha-amylase enzyme (upto 96. 3%). The current study proves that the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves by in vitro studies. * Keywords Psidi um guajava; Phytochemical; alphaglucosidase; alpha-amylase Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a complex and a diverse group of disorders that disturbs he metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. The number of diabetes mellitus cases has been increasing worldwide in recent years. In 2000, the world health organization estimated a total of 171 million of people with diabetes mellitus from the global population, and this report projected to increase to 366 million by 2030 (Wild et al. , 2004). With a long course and serious complications often resulting in high deathrate, the treatment of diabetes spent vast amount of resources including medicines, diets, physical training and so on in all countries.Thus searching for a new class of compounds is essential to overcome diabetic problems. There is continuous search for alternative drugs (Syamsudin, 2010). 15 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) is commonly known as Peru or Guava in Engli sh. The Psidium guajava leaves are used in the treatment of diarrhoea, cough, stomachache, dysentery and decoction of the leaves for cholera patients, toothache and gum boils. The leaves showed hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, myocardial depressant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic actions (Ross, 1999).Inhibition of alphaamylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes can be an important strategy in management of post prandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes patient (Ali et al. , 2006). Thus, objective of the present study is to investigate the phyto chemical, invitro antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves. reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids by using standard phytochemical procedures (Evans, W. C and Evans, T. 2003). In vitro methods employed in antidiabetic studies Inhibition of alpha-amylase enzyme A starch solution (0. 1% w/v) was obtained by stirring 0. g of potato starch in 100 ml of 16 mM of sodium acetate buffer. The enzyme solu tion was prepared by mixing 27. 5 mg of alpha-amylase in 100 ml of distilled water. The colorimetric reagent is prepared by mixing sodium potassium tartarate solution and 3, 5 di nitro salicylic acid solution 96 mM. Both control and plant extracts were added with starch solution and left to react with alpha- amylase solution under alkaline conditions at 25? C. The reaction was measured over 3 minutes. The generation of maltose was quantified by the reduction of 3, 5 dinitro salicylic acid to 3amino-5- nitro salicylic acid.This reaction is detectable at 540 nm (Malik and Singh, 1980). Materials and Methods Plant material and extraction The fresh leaves of Psidium guajava were collected locally and authenticated by the department of Botany, St. Joseph College, Trichy. The shade dried Psidium guajava leaves were powdered mechanically and stored in an air tight container. The extraction was carried out by hot percolation method using Soxhlet apparatus. The solvent used was methanol. Abo ut 100 gm of powder was extracted with 600 ml of methanol. The extract was concentrated to dryness under controlled temperature 4050Â °C.The percentage yield was found to be 10. 15%. The extract was preserved in refrigerator till further use. Phytochemical Screening For preliminary phytochemical analysis the freshly prepared crude methanolic extracts of leaves were tested for the presence or absence of phytoconstituents such as 16 Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase enzyme The inhibitory activity was determined by incubating a solution of starch substrate (2 % w/v maltose or sucrose) 1 ml with 0. 2 M Tris buffer pH 8. 0 and various concentration of plant extract for 5 min at 37Â °C.The reaction was initiated by adding 1 ml of alpha-glucosidase enzyme (1U/ml) to it followed by incubation for 40 min at 35Â °C. Then the reaction was terminated by the addition of 2 ml of 6N HCl. Then the intensity of the colour was measured at 540nm (Krishnaveni et al. , 1984). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. A pp. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Calculation of 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) The concentration of the plant extracts required to scavenge 50% of the radicals (IC50) was calculated by using the percentage scavenging activities at five different concentrations of the extract.Percentage inhibition (I %) was calculated by I % = (Ac-As)/Ac X 100, (Shai et al. , 2010). where Ac is the absorbance of the control and As is the absorbance of the sample. Table 1 Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves S. No. Phytochemical Constituents Name of the Test Mayer s test Dragondraff test Wagner Test Molish Test Fehling Test Benedicts Test Lead Acetate Ferric chloride. Ammonia Salkowaski H2So4 Liebermann s Burchard Test H2So4 Ammonia Shinoda s Test Ferric chloride Sodium chloride Borntrager s test Methanolic Extract + + + + + + + Condensed Tannin + + + + + _ Alkaloids 2 3 4 5 6 Carbohydrates Tannins Pseudo tannins Chlorogenic acid Steroidal Glycosides Anthocyanin Steroid al Glycosides Saponins glycosides Flavonoids Flavones Phenols Coumarin Phytochemical constituents Results The preliminary phytochemical screening tests for the methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves (Table 1) revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavones, tannins, steroidal glycosides, phenols and coumarin. Any of these secondary metabolites, singly or in combination with others could be responsible for the anti-diabetic activity of the plant.There was a dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibitory activity against alphaamylase enzyme. At a concentration of 0. 2 ml of plant extract showed a percentage inhibition 27. 8% and for 1. 0 ml plant extract showed inhibition of 96. 3% (Table 2). The Psidium guajava methanol extract revealed a significant inhibitory action of alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The percentage inhibition at 0. 2-1. 0 ml concentrations of Psidium guajava extract showed a dose dependent increase in percentage inhibition. The percentage inhibition var ied from 89. 4% 31. 7% for highest concentration to the lowest oncentration (Table 3). 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 +++= High; + = Present; ++ = Moderate; = Absent Table. 2 In vitro antidiabetic activity of alpha-amylase method S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % of Inhibition 27. 8 48. 9 62. 5 87. 2 96. 3 17 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Table 3 In vitro antidiabetic activity of alpha glucosidase method S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % Of Inhibition 31. 7 53. 9 68. 2 76. 5 89. 4 Discussion Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with increasing incidence throughout the world.Insulin is a key player in the control of glucose homeostasis. Lack of insulin affects carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (Rajiv Gandhi and Sasikumar, 2012). Management of diabetes without side effects is still challenge to the medical community. It was proposed that inhibition of the activity of such alpha-amylas e and alpha-glucosidase would delay the degradation of carbohydrate, which would in turn cause a decrease in the absorption of glucose, as a result the reduction of postprandial blood glucose level elevation (Rhabaso Lhoret and Chiasson, 2004).In the present study, research has been carried out to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical investigation and the potential of methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaf in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. The present finding of Phytochemical screening of the plant extract confirmed the presence of several bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavones, tannins and phenols which could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant. The present finding reveals that Psidium guajava efficiently inhibits both alpha18 mylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes in vitro in a dose dependent manner. The aqueous extracts from Syzygium cumini seeds and Psidium guajava leaves both showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on a lpha-amylase activity (Karthic et al. , 2008). The antidiabetic action of Psidium guajava can also be attributed to the intestinal alpha-amylase and alphaglucosidase inhibitory activity. Further studies are required to elucidate whether Psidium guajava have antidiabetic potential by in vivo for validating the traditional claim of the plant.In this present study we evaluated in vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity of crude methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves. The plant showed significant inhibition activity, so further the compound isolation, purification and characterization which is responsible for inhibiting activity, has to be done for the usage of antidiabetic agent. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to Dr. P. Selvaraj, Chairman, Shivani Group of Institutions, Trichy, whose spacious heart cheered our efforts to process this venture properly, successfully to complete the task.Also we extend our thanks to The Secretary, The Principal and The Staff membe rs of the SSK Polytechnic College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India. References Ali, H. , P. J. Houghton, and Soumyanath, A. 2006. J. Ethnopharmacol. 107: 449-455. Evans, W. C. , and Evans, T. 2003. Pharmacognosy, 5th Edn. , Cambridge University Press, London, 336-93. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Karthic, K. , K. S. Kirthiram, S. Sadasivam, and Thayumanavan, B. 2008. Identification of amylase inhibitors from Syzygium cumini Linn seeds. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 6:677- 680. Krishnaveni,S. , B.Theymoli, and Sadasivam,S. 1984. Food Chem. 15: 229. Malik,C. P. , and Singh, M. B. 1980. Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, p. 278. Rajiv Gandhi, G. , and Sasikumar, P. 2012. Antidiabetic effect of Merremia emarginata Burm. F. in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian. Paci. J. Tropi. Biomedicine. 2: 281-286. Rhabaso Lhoret, R. , and Chiasson, J. L. , 2004. Glucosidase inhibitors. In: Defronzo R. A, Ferrannini E, Keen H, Zimmet P. (Eds. ), Inte rnational Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus, Vol. 1, third ed. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. , UK, pp. 901-914. Ross, I. A. 1999. Medicinal Plants of the World, Chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses. Human Press Inc. , Totowa, NJ. 263-272. Shai, L. J. , P. Masoko, M. PMokgotho, S. R. Magano, M. A. Mogale, N. Boaduo, and Eloff, J. N. 2010. South African J. Bot. 76: 465 470. Syamsudin,S. , 2010. Standardization of extract of Leucaena leucocephala (lmk) De Wit seeds by -glucosidase inhibitor. Int. J. Phytomedicine. 2. 430-435. Wild, S. , G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and King, H. 2004. Global prevalence of Diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes care. 27:1047-1053. 19

À Condition Que Takes the French Subjunctive

Condition Que Takes the French Subjunctive The phrase condition que (provided that)  is one of a long list of what are called French conjunctive phrases, which usually introduce a subordinating clause in a sentence. A conjunctive phrase is a group of two or more words that usually ends in  que  and is often a  subordinating conjunction  linking a subordinating clause to the main clause. Close to half of such conjunctive phrases used  as subordinating conjunctions, including condition  que,  require a subjunctive verb to convey their meaning: Je lachà ¨terai condition que tu le prennes.Ill buy it provided that you take it. The subjunctive  mood  is used to express actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain, such as will/wanting, emotion, doubt, possibility, necessity and judgment. Subjunctive  is nearly always found in dependent, or subordinate, clauses introduced by  que  or  qui. Conjunctive Phrases The phrases below with * take a subjunctive verb. Those with ** take the formal, more literary ne explà ©tif, which is a ne  negation without the pas. condition que*  Ã‚  provided that afin que*  Ã‚  so that ainsi que  Ã‚  just as, so as alors que  Ã‚  while, whereas mesure que  Ã‚  as (progressively) moins que**  Ã‚  unless aprà ¨s que  Ã‚  after, when supposer que*  Ã‚  assuming that au cas oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in case aussità ´t que  Ã‚  as soon as avant que**  Ã‚  before bien que*  Ã‚  although dans lhypothà ¨se oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in the event that de crainte que**  Ã‚  for fear that de faà §on que*  Ã‚  in such a way that de manià ¨re que*  Ã‚  so that de mà ªme que  Ã‚  just as de peur que**  for fear that depuis que  Ã‚  since de sorte que*  Ã‚  so that, in such a way that dà ¨s que  Ã‚  as soon as en admettant que*  Ã‚  assuming that en attendant que*  Ã‚  while, until encore que*  Ã‚  even though jusqu ce que*  Ã‚  until parce que  Ã‚  because pendant que  Ã‚  while pour que*  Ã‚  so that pourvu que*  Ã‚  provided that quand bien mà ªme  Ã‚  even though/if quoi que*  Ã‚  whatever, no matter what sans que**  Ã‚  without sità ´t que  Ã‚  as soon as supposà © que*  Ã‚  supposing tandis que  Ã‚  while, whereas tant que  Ã‚  Ã‚  as long as vu que  Ã‚  seeing as/that Additional Resources The Subjunctivator!Quiz: Subjunctive or indicative?Expressions with

Nonwestern Art and Western Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nonwestern Art and Western Art - Essay Example Art can also be categorized based on different cultures that were found in different countries. This means that each country has its own identity based on the artwork. For example, the art of China is very different to art from Africa. Each culture has its own type of art. A painting would be drawn from different countries but differ in some elements due to culture. The artwork has roots in various indigenous cultures that affected America. The indigenous cultures of each sophisticated artistic art discipline but has been highly affected by the religious and social activities. Artwork ranges from one society to another due to the various cultural activities practiced in the society. For example, some societies are influenced by the love the wildlife activities, agricultural activities, art of war and social activities. In the present day, artistic work, non-western culture has adopted the Western culture. This has been a result of social integration and integration. It has been made possible by improved transport and communication networks globally. Modern day art students have a variety of artistic work to choose from during their course work. Most art institutions offer different type of arts. They include the Western art, Non-western art and a combination of the two types of art. According to researchers and the opinion, fro the artists the artwork has many challenges revolving around. The history of artwork from the traditional era, modern, pre-modern, and postmodern artwork has been affected. by a series of problems in the chain of the artwork. The chain of artwork ranges from artist to the buyer. An artist’s work passes through before reaching the customer this channel. However, in the artwork we have the presence of the brokers whom their main aim is to find the market for the artist items. The sculptures, paintings, and photography are the items in the artwork that have a high market demand in the history of the artwork. The increased crave for a rt has shifted from the pre-modern state to the post-modern state. According to the researchers, its shifts and crave have also brought about various problems that have affected the artwork globally. Artwork being a vital factor affecting the underdeveloped and developed countries economy is being faced by a series of challenges. These challenges have affected the

Roles of Industrial Engineers and Supply Chain Managers of Hospitals Essay

Roles of Industrial Engineers and Supply Chain Managers of Hospitals - Essay Example This role is also performed by hospital supply managers. The supply managers also have a particularly significant role in the purchasing of the hospital inventories and manage the inventory of the hospitals. Supply managers are of immense help to hospitals since they can be able to minimize running costs of the hospitals. They also are able to give the hospitals noteworthy inventory management. They help in the stocking of hospitals and all the machinery that is used in therein. They also help in supply of the medicines, the food that the patients use in hospitals, and all the equipment and materials that are used in hospitals. In short, the supply manager is responsible for all the running operations in the hospital. Purpose statement (Thesis) Industrial engineering deals with optimization of the most complex processes and systems in the world today. This industrial engineering is concerned with the job of development, improvement, and implementation. It is also associated with the evaluation of the integrated systems of people, knowledge, the information, the equipment, the energy, the materials, the analysis and synthesis. The concept of industrial engineering overlaps different business oriented departments like the operation management in hospitals; the industrial engineering department takes the emphasis of the mathematical proficiency and the use of the quantitative methods in order to ascertain that the running of operations is done in a good manner (Schlick, 2009). Many hospitals are able to maintain the inventories of thousands of their supplies which range from bandages, syringes, drugs, surgical equipment, medical gadgets, and all forms of medical facilities and equipment. It is crucial when a hospital is well s tocked because from this, noteworthy services are offered to customers, and when this is done, patients become satisfied with the services offered. In average, a hospital will require seven thousand stock keeping units in the in-house inventory every day. The supply costs run up to more than forty percent of the costs that are used to run the hospitals. The supplies expense becomes second after the labor expense in the operation of the hospitals. Industrial engineering is also known as systems engineering or operations management or even manufacturing engineering. These terms are used depending on the motives of the people who use the services of these engineers. In the health care department, industrial engineers are commonly referred to as health management engineers or health systems engineers. On the other hand, the supply chain management is just known by the name of the supplies that they bring to the table. For a hospital to be able to run efficiently and at a remarkably low cost, the hospital management has to look for methods to improve the services of the hospital. Moreover, the hospital management needs to try to keep the costs of offering these services at a remarkably low cost. The hospital management employs the services of the health care systems engineers or the industrial engine

Steinbecks Of Mice and Men And Gary Sinise film version as Foundation for the story Essay Example for Free

Steinbecks Of Mice and Men And Gary Sinise film version as Foundation for the story Essay Steinbecks tragic and hard writing novel critique of the us in the 1930s. The everlasting novel is about two outsiders who are looking for a job on ranch so they can collect enough money to find there own place in this unforgiving world. The opening of the novel and the film differ from each other in many ways. The film has a tense and dramatic start where as the novel is set in a quiet and peaceful woodland area as Steinbeck sets the scene in clear detail. The film opens with chilling pace of music in the background while the credits appearing in white writing for a couple of minutes. Gary Sinise puts the credits at the beginning rather than at the end. As the music fades there is black background with the infrequent, faint beam of moonlight, streaming through the open cracks in the box car of a train. The camera shot focuses on a lonely person, crouched in the corner, looking by the expression on his face as if he has the weight of the world on his shoulders. This makes the audience curious about who the man is, which makes them want to watch on to find out the identity of this character. Suddenly the film explodes into colour in a dramatic style as a panic and stricken woman, with her dress ripped, runs towards a group of men working on a ranch. The next clip is of the group of men, carrying guns on horseback, chasing two un-armed men. These two men are Lennie and George, who are racing through the grassy fields and bushes. A sense of danger and threat is created as George is continually looking over his shoulder and pushing Lennie along as the men on horseback continue to hunt the two men. When George always look over his shoulder for Lennie in real life. It shows a mother always looking over her shoulder to see if her baby is all right. Both of the men fall into a stream and hide under the overgrown Weeds and grass from the Men. The men pass by the stream and this causes a sense of excitement within the audience. The first close up on Lennie shows us his big, worried eyes, like a child, The heavy breathing stops but both men remain silent, and as time goes by the crickets begin to chirp this shows that the men have stopped chasing them. The beginning of the novel is very different as Steinbeck opens the scene in the countryside close to the Salinas River near to Soledad in USA California. Steinbeck describes this in clear detail. He creates a very peaceful atmosphere by using words such as fresh and green with every spring and the leaves lie so deep and so crisp that a lizard makes a great skittering if he runs among them. Rabbits come out of the brush to sit on the sand in the evening. This is explaining how peaceful and quitter the atmosphere is. But the film shows an exciting chase in a tense and dangerous atmosphere. The first time you see Lennie and George in the novel they are nicely walking through the trees and drinking from the pool. His huge companion dropped his blankets and flung himself down as he drank from the surface of the green pool. This is another symbol of Lennie behaving like a child. As George settles back to relax and Lennie get his nerves we are shown how George blames Lennie for making his life difficult. Lennie is described in terms of an animal, bear-like. When we first see Lennie and George in the film they are running away from a Mob of ranchers. This show the audience they are criminals. In the film they are both wearing different clothes. George is wearing denim and Lennie is wearing dungarees to make him look like a big kid. This differs from the novel as Steinbeck has the two men in the same dress. Both were dressed in denim trousers and in denim coats with brass buttons. And they both wore black hats. The beginnings of the Steinbecks novel and Gray Sinsie film version are very different The film effects the story line by making Lennie and George look like criminals because they are running form a mob of ranchers the first impression you get is of the Lennie and George are bad people and they have done something very bad. Before when George is in the box car this draws the audience to the film but gives them difficulty to know if that character is this makes him look suspicious because when it goes into the scene where the women is running to the ranchers the impression the audience that George is the person that attacked her. The both lets us understand to like the characters of George and Lennie so we can be sympathetic towards them this is the reason why both start better of the foundation of the end of the story then the film the end of the novel is better because we grow to love the chanters and when George shoots Lennie I fell very up set because I had stared to like them like friends but the film is does not make u feel very sympathetic.

The Black Market :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Black Market is defined as people who engage in illicit trade. Smuggling of Nuclear weapons plays a role in this. The Russians, U.S., and other countries are involved. Russia has been one the move since the Cold War ended. The Russians position threat to many lives with nuclear sales. Many Russian affiliations and events are to blame including Russian Mafia, military intelligence, Trading Air, collapse in economy, and disgruntled Nuclear employees. Russian Crime organizations have grown to a high number since the end of the Cold War. The Nuclear Black market is no stranger to the Russian Mafia. Russia may be poised to sell nuclear weapons to the highest bidder as organized crime expands its influence in Russian society (Phinney). Some of the 200 Russian organized crime groups now operate worldwide, including in the United states and gaining the ability to manipulate its banking system and financial markets (Phinney). Roughly two-thirds of Russia’s economy is under sway of crime syndicates, and protection rackets have been the norm since the collapse of communism(Phinney). The Russian Mafia and the antifada becoming nuclear powers or the likelihood that some of this dangerous material being transferred to rogue states like Iran, Iraq, or North Korea. Even if the uranium and plutonium are not used to build nuclear technology, these materials are radioactive and therefore intrinsically dangerous to any one who comes in contact with them, particularly the smugglers themselves. In March 1995, U.S. Customs agents in Miami launched a two-year undercover investigation reaching into high-level official circles in Russian, Bulgaria, and Lithuania. It would become the first credible case of a scenario to smuggle tactical nuclear weapons into the U.S. (Frontline). According to Russia’s Ministry of Internal Affairs, the government agency in charge of combating organized crime, 40 percent of private business, 60 percent of state-owned enterprises and between 50 percent and 85 percent of banks are controlled by organized crime. According to Russia’s Ministry of Internal Affairs, the gov ernment agency in charge of combating organized crime, 40 percent of private business, 60 percent of state-owned enterprises and between 50 percent and 85 percent of banks are controlled by organized crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Russia crime organizations are not even the source when it comes to smuggling Nuclear Weapons. Warheads come from one place, the military. There is major corruption in the Russian Military. Although, you can make your own type of Nuclear weapons, but this is a different case.

Antenatal Leaflet Plan

I have been asked as my resource task to make an antenatal leaflet for a young mother to help her with her pregnancy. Antenatal care is important for a pregnant mother because it makes sure that both the baby and the mother are well and that the pregnancy is all going well and if the mother has any questions or problems, she can ask her GP. The information I will include in the leaflet will be made suitable for a young pregnant mother by making to leaflet look attractive and interesting. I will use colour and pictures to also make it look eye-catching and stand out so that if there are lots of other leaflets to choose from, the mother will choose mine. I will make sure that the writing is not too small and I will also make the font simple and easy to read. I will also try not to put in too much writing which may even put the mother off reading the leaflet. The type of information which I will put inside the leaflet will be about and give advice on: o Smoking o Clothing and footwear o Diet o Medicines and drugs o Hygiene o Rest and exercise o Benefits I will try to make the leaflet look eye-catching by using pictures and animation. On the front of the leaflet I will put a photo of a young mother with a baby and throughout the leaflet I will include pictures of pregnant mothers so that the young mother feels as comfortable as possible with how she looks and so she knows she looks normal for someone who is pregnant. The information and pictures which I will put into my leaflet will be from: o Internet as there is a large variety of information and it is easy to access. o Text books as I know it's all accurate o From other antenatal leaflets as I know there is a large variety o Parents who have has children as they have had experience o And lastly magazines as they have a lot if information inside them. When I have finished I will design 5 questionnaires and give them to different people who have had children and who haven't and the leaflets will help me evaluate my leaflet. My plan of action is: o Collect information from different sources o Select relevant information which is needed for leaflet o Make leaflet using information I have selected o Evaluate leaflet using questionnaires o Hand in my finished leaflet by the deadline.

Print Media Versus Electronic Media Relations Essay

Print media today is still considered to be the number one medium for public relations practitioners, despite the recent progress were seeing in electronic media and especially the Internet. Public relations practitioners channel any pertinent information through the media in order to send it to its target audiences or shareholders in the company. Public relations professionals mostly deal with print media. Print media is considered an important function for public relations professionals because many newspaper and magazine agencies use new releases. Before the terrible attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001 newspaper readership had been steadily declining in the United States and the rest of the world. After September 11, 2001 newspapers readership had improved as well the media’s image. Americans suddenly wanted to know to be informed about world affairs, specifically the war on terror and protecting our nation. From â€Å"The Practice of Public Relations† book: 49% considered the media â€Å"highly professional,† compared to 73% after 9/11, 59% considered the media â€Å"politically biased,† compared to 47% after 9/11, and 35% believed the news media â€Å"don’t care† about the people they report on, while 47% found them compassionate. Based on a study done by the U.S. Industry & Market Outlook there are 30,700 printing companies in the United States. As for magazines 17,321 are published in the United States according to the National Directory of Magazines. Furthermore magazine readership has seen an increase in its readership. Now I will begin discussing publicity and its relevance. First, off publicity is known as the conscious attempt to manage the public’s perception of a subject. Publicity is achieved by directly working with media. In addition, publicity is understood a more powerful method than advertising. Advertising cost a lot of money. Think about it a full-page ad in the New York Times or Wall Street Journal could cost a company or an individual thousands of dollars. Publicity cost compared to advertising are very low, it merely  costs a company their time and effort to create. Publicity is considered to be more credible than advertising because it’s similar to a third-party endorsement. Its thought of as â€Å"news† so most people will trust it. There are six reasons why publicity works well for an organization. First one is when announcing a new product or service. Like I said earlier publicity is deemed as news so utilizing publicity before advertising is crucial. Second, publicity can be advantageous when recognizing an old product. Third reason is when explaining a complicated product. This means its tough to explain a multifaceted product in an advertisement because advertisements are limited. Companies cannot possibly fit everything they want into a brief advertisement so they devise a publicity stunt such as a staged event to discuss complex products or services. Fourth value of publicity for any organization is little or no budget. This suggests that companies with small budgets cannot afford to devote there time to advertising, so they turn to publicity, which is rather inexpensive and exceptionally effective. The fifth value of publicity is enhancing the organization’s reputation. This in my opinion is very important job for public relations practitioners. The best way to promote or enhance an organization’s reputation is through publicity and not through advertising because it is self-serving and very ineffective. The last reason why publicity makes good sense for any organization is during a crisis. According to our textbook publicity techniques are the fastest and most credible means of response during a crisis. This is also known as damage control, companies frequently choose this route when a crisis occurs. Now I will discuss another form of public relations that’s taken part of print media, propaganda. First off the purpose of propaganda is to influence people’s opinion and manipulate people to change their behavior, rather than to communicate the facts about something. The early uses of propaganda can be traced all the way back in 1600’s. The Catholic Church used propaganda to inform and persuade the public. Back during those days the term propaganda did not have the same negative connotation like it has today. Propaganda also was used during the days that led to the American Revolution. Thomas Paine, Samuel Adams and many others participated in propagating anti-British  information to the rest of the colonies. Common examples where propaganda can be easily found in newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, government reports, news reports, books, posters, and even art work. Next topic that I will discuss is how to pitch publicity successfully. The public relations textbook outlines 10 rules or tips on how to achieve publicity after writing a release. First tip is to know deadlines. Time means everything especially for newspapers. They need stories sent to them at a precise time so they can follow up on the story to make sure its not phony. Second tip is to write to them directly, do not call. Reporters have a great deal deadlines to make, they don’t need another person calling following up on there release. Therefore, writing them a letter is preferable and considered proper etiquette. The third is to direct the release to a specific person or editor. It would behoove any person sending releases to a newspaper to write which department or specific editor needs to see your release. The reason to direct your release to a specific person is because newspapers consist of many departments and even more reporters and writers. Next one is similar to the last one, which is to determine how the reporter wants to be contacted. This shows the reporter that you care about his or her preferences. Something not to do is to badger an editor to get your story to be published. This is a wrong tactic and it wont further your cause. Badgering could only lead to worse results in the future. The next two are to use exclusives but be careful and make sure you do your own calling. Making your own calls instead of letting an assistant to it is a sign of respect. The next suggestions are to not send clips of other stories about your client and to develop a relationship. Developing a good professional relationship is key to accomplishing things. The better you know a reporter the more successful your company will be. The last rule and in my opinion the most important job for a public relations practitioner is to never lie. Once they lose trust in you the relationship is severed and pretty much over. All in all print media is still regarded as the strongest medium for public relations professionals. Print media can be achieved through publicity and advertising. Organizations should always consider publicity before  advertising because it offers some positive benefits. Furthermore propaganda is the spreading of ideas and information for the purposes of inducing or manipulating behavior. For the most part people believe propaganda is usually false, which isn’t necessary true. The last topic I wrote about was how to pitch publicity effectively to reporters; these rules were outlined in our textbook. Electronic media has become king in the twenty-first century. Fifty percent of the nation gets their news from television. Today there are more then the big three networks. Cable television has become a monster itself with many channels devoted to news twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week such as CNN, Fox News Channel, and MSNBC. The internet is also a very fast growing media for people to get their news, especially for teenagers and people in their twenties. Radio also falls under electronic media. Talk radio is also big in today’s nation with many popular radio hosts such as Rush Limbaugh, Howard Stern, and Dr. Laura Schlessinger. But what makes news media so popular? Is it the right here and right now mindset that the people of today have? There are many things that contribute to this. These next couple of paragraphs is going to explore electronic media and public relations of public media. People love to watch TV. I believe I mentioned earlier that fifty percent of the nation gets their news from television. The fact is that most people get their news from the television. The reason this is that there is non-stop bombardment of news and talk shows on at all times. There are even specific news series and channels that specialize in a certain part of the news such as ESPN for sports coverage, Bloomberg TV for stock market coverage, and Entertainment Tonight for the latest celebrity gossip. These specialty television shows have grown together with the growth of cable television. There are so many different news agencies out there now trying to break the big story that public relations representatives for companies are working over time to make sure that their company is not under attack from a nosey reporter trying to rise in the ranks. It is a recurring nightmare for the public relations department of many big corporations. Katie Couric has a great quote on the subject that sums it all up very nicely: â€Å"Some news  coverage has become more salacious, more sensationalistic, less intelligent, more giving people what they want to hear or what you think they want to hear, rather than what you think they need to or should ideally hear.† Because of news shows being on all the time, there is one very important thing that every public relations people should know how to do and that is handle a television interview. If a public relations person does not know what they are doing when being interviewed, they can potentially hurt the company that they are supposed to be representing. There are many different do’s and don’ts that should be remembered when participating in an interview but I am going to skip right down to the most important part. The biggest two things you need to remember when being interviewed is be honest and be prepared. Television publicity is not always a bad thing. Since most people get their news from television, companies usually will want to take advantage of this phenomenon and go to the general public through television. The way companies do this is through the video news release. The people in public relations most often use the video news release for breaking news. Breaking news video releases are sent by satellite directly to a news agency. There is also another type of video news release that is not for breaking news, which is called evergreen video news releases. Evergreen video news releases are often sent to broadcasters on a cassette. This is the case because of the fact that an evergreen video news release is not necessarily as important so time is usually not an issue. Video news releases are very important for the person who works in public relations. There are many important guidelines to video news releases that should be kept in mind while one is being produced. One of the most important things about producing a video news release is localizing it. A VNR will more likely be used if it can be tailored for specific areas. Another thing that should be remembered about VNRs is that a good VNR tells a story. It does need to be a story tailored to the television viewer. This means that the VNR should be short and to the point with sound bites and graphics. It should appear as if the VNR is just like any other piece of  news on the station. A VNR should not be produced if there is nothing to see. If there is no video or no pictures, then it is a waste of time and money. People will not watch it so broadcasting corporations will not even bother to pick it up. There are some downsides and risks to VNRs. I say risks because just like movies at the movie theater, there are going to be some flops. And also just like movies, VNR producers can lose large amounts of money. A public relations person should make sure that a VNR is needed before producing one. The VNR should also be expensive. Do not cheapen the VNR and cut corners because the broadcasting corporations will recognize this and not waste their airtime. Public relations people should also realize that there are other ways to get the news out to the public. Just because something needs to be reported to the public does not mean that a VNR should be used. Some analysis needs to be taken into consideration to make sure that the VNR is actually the right way to distribute the information. There are some controversies on whether VNRs are an accurate and undeceiving form of news yet overall the VNR is an effective way to get an important message to millions of people. Another form of electronic media that is important for all people that practice public relations is the public service announcements. A public service announcement is basically just a long commercial that is played for no cost. The organizations that use these most often are the ones of the non-profit sort or of corporations that are doing non-profit activities to better their public image. Although public service announcements are on television, they are not seen by many except for the night owls. Most, but not all, of the public service announcements are run between midnight and 6:00AM. This is due to the fact that companies need commercials that bring in revenue and since public service announcements do not do that, they often do not get the prime time spots. Most public service announcements are like commercials that try to get the viewer to take a specific course of action. They are not nearly as significant as the video news release from a public relations standpoint. The radio is the last electronic media that will be talked about. Talk radio has become huge in the United States. Twenty-two percent of Americans listen to talk radio according to Scarborough Research. The growth of talk radio can be pinpointed to two reasons. The first is that many more people now work at home. This is because of the rapid growth of technology. People no longer need to go to the office because they can finish all their work at home. The second reason that talk radio has grown is the fact that people drive all the time. Since it is very dangerous to watch television while driving, most people listen to the radio while getting from point A to point B. There are now talk shows on just about any subject you could possibly be interested in from sports to hypnotism to conspiracy theories. People like to listen to talk radio because it is â€Å"real†. Talk show hosts say what they want to say and are paid to have an opinion. Talk shows are also interactive. It gives the people that listen to the show a voice. You can call in and give your opinion on the matter as well. AM talk radio is dominated by conservative viewpoints such as Rush Limbaugh, a pioneer in talk radio. Talk radio can also be very controversial so media directors need to be very selective, careful, and prepared if planning to be on a talk radio program. Because television and radio have become such a big part of everyday life in the United States, public relations people need to be aware of it and use it to the fullest potential. News on electronic media is a here and now type of media. News needs to be short and pointed to make sure that the viewer does not lose interest. Electronic media is the future so public relations people should be exploring the opportunities now.

Policy Statements3500120112395 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Policy Statements3500120112395 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Policy Statements3500120112395 You're preparing for a conference. You've been given a country. You've read the research report. You've researched your country's stance. You've even got some clauses ready that you think are pretty good. But what are you going to say? A policy statement is a necessity when you go to a conference. You may not want to talk, but the chairs have the right to call you up to speak whenever they want. In some conferences they even ask that you send them your speech before the conference! Policy statements can often be pretty boring, but they are useful. Through the statements you can learn what people's stances are on the issues and figure out which issue they have focused on. This lets you decide who will be your allies and who else may be your enemies. Here are some of the key things to put in a policy statement (this is not rigid but definitely recommended): Address the committee - The first thing you need to do is greet your audience, a way to do that would be by saying something like this when you start: "Fellow delegates and esteemed chairs" Tell them who you are - I don't mean your personality, but the country you're representing. Make this clear from very soon into the speech: "As the representative for Cambodia" or "On behalf of Jamaica" or just "Canada believes" Briefly state what the issue is - This could be general about all the issues being discussed in the committee or specifically about the topic you are going to discuss. Don't go on for ages about it though, they probably know most of the stuff anyway, keep it short and to the point Explain what has already been done to solve the issue - Focus this mainly on what your country has done, but make reference to other big events too. Again though, short and to the point, they don't need a detailed history of the crisis Introduce what solutions you think are the most important - Don't go in depth about your clauses but just state the general ideas you will be pushing for in a resolution: "Guatemala believes that the only way to solve this is through the removal of foreign military from Iraq to allow the country its independence again" Conclude formally/powerfully - "The delegate hopes for a discussion to solve these issues and help the world become a better place" (like that but less cliched) or "Without these solutions the world is guaranteed to slip into chaos. It is our duty to rectify the situation before this can happen" "The delegate yields the floor back to chair" (when asked) Here's an example of a policy statement (bear in mind that it should not really be more than 2 minutes in length and you can be stopped if the Chair's believe that time is running out). Honourable chairs, fellow delegates, it is with grave urgency that we meet today. Venezuela is considerately alarmed by the rise of extremism within Syria. We strongly oppose the actions of the "Islamic State", and their brutality within the Middle East. However violence from foreign powers must not be resorted to, as it would serve only to worsen the issue. Venezuela believes that the Syrian people should be the ones responsible for the resolution of their internal conflicts without foreign interference and should be assisted politically to develop solutions that encourage eventual peace within the region. The insurgency in Syria is a pressing issue that must of course be addressed. The use of religion to promote violence is an age-old tactic for those in search of power. In the past, we have condemned the military attacks by NATO against Syria as these serve only to fuel terrorist organisations. We propose that the financing of the Syrian civil war caused a conflict that escalated and gave terrorist groups leverage within the country and so will not support military measures sent in by countries extraneous to the local threat of the Islamic State. We propose meetings where the countries' governmental figures will be actively encouraged to find political solutions that will lead to peace within the region. We propose an alliance that allows the countries

Annoying Professors

Despite their degrees and supposed wisdom some professors just don’t know how to teach. Their wisdom and knowledge is found to be lacking when it comes to identifying what their students need help with and how to teach them. This leaves students annoyed frustrated and angry and wishing with all their might that the class would soon be over. The most annoying of professors who leave students in a state of frustration are, commonly the following three types: â€Å"The Confusing Babbler†, â€Å"The Know-It-All† and â€Å"The Useless Git†. The Confusing Babbler presents a major problem for most students. The Confusing Babbler enters the classroom prepared to lecture, his students sit dreading it. As he babbles on about history facts he confuses one with another, does not correct his mistakes and disagrees with the textbook leaving his students wondering is the textbook or professor right, why does what the professor said today contradicts what he said yesterday and why did they even bother buying the textbook at all. The Confusing babbler will finish his lecture oblivious to the looks of bewilderment on his student’s faces and will answer their questions with contradicting statements to his lecture which makes his students puzzled even more. The class will end, the students release a sigh of relief and go home and attempt to decipher and piece the lecture together and decode the course material. The Useless Git another type of annoying professor is known for his inability and useless attempts to effectively help his students. His lectures are long and boring, he assigns class work and homework, students turn it in and The Useless Git receives it, grades it and gives it back. Attempting to know what they did wrong or enlightenment of a broader understanding of the assignment the student asks The Useless Git questions pertaining to their work. The Useless Git answers the student’s question with generic statements he answers all student’s questions with, responses in generalities without going into detail. Corrects student’s papers by highlighting areas where he believes there are problems without fully explaining what the problem is and does not correct every problem in the student’s work leaving it up to the student to find the rest of the mistakes he’s left which, doesn’t work because the student has no idea whether what was done is wrong or not. The Useless Git in the eyes of students receives an F as a professor and has students wishing and praying that the class will soon end. The Know-It-All is the most annoying professor of the three. The Know-It-All is oblivious to his mistakes, refuses to be corrected, or accept opinions from anyone else. The Know-It-All knows every English Literature quote, knows how to write every essay perfectly and considers himself, knowing a better way than the textbook the class is given to work with. The Know-It-All will make several mistakes, answer questions incorrectly and still insist their right. If indeed the Know-It-All admitted to being wrong it would take half the class and half the class period to convince him. The Know-It-All is bored by his student’s opinions and believes his opinions are the only correct ones and all others are wrong or gently needs to be corrected for his liking. Students begin to feel what is the point of attempting to interject their opinions or write papers since the Know-It-All will regard himself as the only correct one and disregard anything they have to say or write. Obviously some teachers are excellent they are clear and precise in their teaching, help their students to great outcomes and believe even their students can teach them something. But on the whole college professors with their high degrees are an annoying bunch having learned nothing from when they were student’s what works or doesn’t, and believing that because they have already sat in their student’s chairs they know all there is to know and more than their student’s which is not always the case. College professors should remember the days when they were students in vivid detail and then perhaps they will become better teachers.

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Religion - Essay Example His ideas on life were that the soul was bound in the body awaiting its release and the eventual return to its original source in the other world. This transformation can be experienced during the present through personal purification. In many of his teachings, Attar has exemplified the essence of a pure life and the mortality of the human body (Attar, 19). In one of his many poems, Attar writes, â€Å"Life be it long or short is composed of few breaths. Whoever is born must also die. You were nourished for death; and you were brought into the world in order to be taken away from it.† (Attar, 13). nourished for death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The statement summarizes the whole poetic line. Attar tries to show that mankind is naturally mortal. All that a man goes through prepares him for the life after in the next world. The spiritual growth of a human being is a process of ‘nourishment’. In short, according to Attar, Mankind lives to die. The ultimate result of life is transformation to the afterlife through death (Attar, 23). Learners of Attar’s theories should therefore live their lives nourish themselves spiritually for the next stage of their lives. It makes them realize that they are mortal and they should be prepared for the death and the afterlife (Attar, 24). Still on the topic of religious theories, we should look at The Bhagavad Gita, a Hindu devotional book. The book also offers insight and guidance on death and how mankind should be prepared for it. The book states in part, â€Å"The soul never takes birth and never dies at any time nor does it come into being again when the body is created. The soul is birth less, eternal, imperishable and timeless and is never terminated when the body is terminated† (Zaener, 11). The Bhagavad Gita has the same notion in it with the Attar poetry. It shows that the soul is eternal and imperishable. It is, just like in Attar’s case, housed by the body but when the body is terminated, the

Voluntary Disclosure Reporting Program within a Safety Assurance Research Paper

Voluntary Disclosure Reporting Program within a Safety Assurance - Research Paper Example In the United States, they called Voluntary Safety Programs. In other words, they are particularly named Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA), Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), Aviation Safety Action Partnership (ASAP), and Voluntary Disclosure Reporting Programs (VDRP) (Kelloway & Cooper, 2011). The absence of these "voluntary" programs, it would imply that the capacity for a specialist to have a fruitful SMS is restricted in that the reporting society and structure important to help and drive the motors of SMS (Safety Risk Management (SRM) and Safety Assurance (SA)) might not be set up. While these voluntary wellbeing projects are presently basically develop inside the U.s. Air transport industry their development has brought about information sources that, while extremely strong, are not organized to backing the framework wellbeing process that is so imperative for SMS to be fruitful or successful. As of now, the Safety Information being gathered inside the carriers brings about a colossal wellspring of information about the operation and the dangers/perils that are intrinsic inside. The accessibility of this data has become altogether in the previous 10-15 years. This is credited to the enormous endeavors of the business to create, push and secure these projects. The consequence has been an emotional change in mischance and episode anticipation. While it is difficult to demonstrate an immediate connection, the lethal mishap rate decrease in the previous 10 years, and the happenstance of the development and development of the Voluntary Safety Programs cant be released. It was resolved early that the simple some piece of the improvement of these projects was the obtaining of this data (in spite of the fact that any individual who has actualized one of these projects realizes that information securing is not an insignificant interest). What got obvious

An Element of Literature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

An Element of Literature - Research Paper Example otional experience of the characters or the events, the reader, regardless of their own experience, begins to understand what it meant to be living during a period of economic depression, what it felt like to be subordinated to a point where you didn’t even have control in your own home or to be relegated to eternal poverty and hopelessness because of the color of your skin. Ideas such as these can be found in many forms of literature. For example, William Blake’s poem â€Å"London†, Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"Story of an Hour† and Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"Dreams Deferred† all center upon the theme of the shackled spirit and in all three, the authors show their audience what it feels like through the use of powerful imagery and simile. In â€Å"London†, Blake describes the way in which the human spirit had been shackled under economic despair in 1794, the year the poem was written. Traces of political unrest can be found in the poem as the scenes and sounds of a typical walk down the London streets are reported. The first lines of the poem, â€Å"A mark in every face I meet, / Marks of weakness, marks of woe† (3-4), provide the first hint that something is not right within the city. The signs of decay and desperation are seen in every face, suggesting that they are community-wide rather than the personal problems of just a few. This idea of community despair is reinforced in the second stanza as the speaker says, â€Å"In every cry of every man, / In every infant’s cry of fear, / In every voice, in every ban, / The mind-forged manacles I hear† (4-8). From the youngest to the oldest, Blake indicates everyone is suffering from this same sense of legal oppression (‘ban’ refers to new laws being posted), so they are suffering from something that is outside of their control. This is again reinforced in the third stanza when the speaker indicates that business is down, â€Å"How the chimney-sweepers cry† (9), money is scarce â€Å"Every blackening

Effect of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Developing Areas

Effect of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Developing Areas The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines foreign aid as financial flows, technical support, and goods that are intended to encourage economic growth and wellbeing. Foreign aid is generally linked with authorized development support which in turn is a division of the official development finance, and usually given to the poorest countries (World Bank, 1998) (TAB 1). Various debates about the usefulness of foreign aid dates back decades. Milton Friedman, Peter Bauer, and William Easterly are critics that have given tough reviews, ranging from the decreased impact aid has on government bureaucracies, propagated bad governments, enriched the selected few in poor countries, or wasted. They lay emphasis on extensive poverty in Africa and South Asia despite over thirty years of aid directed to these countries still having a devastating record, e.g. the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, and Somalia. In their opinion aid programs should be significantly transformed, considerably managed, or eradicated (PAPER 1). Other researchers oppose these arguments, although partly correct but over emphasised. Jeffrey Sachs, Joseph Stiglitz, Nicholas Stern and others have argued that even though aid has from time to time failed, it has reduced poverty and enhanced growth in some countries and discouraged worse outcome in other countries. They consider the weaknesses of aid to be linked with donors rather than receivers, and identified a couple of successful countries that have received significant aid such as Botswana, Indonesia, Korea, and, more recently, Tanzania and Mozambique, together with thriving ideas such as the Green Revolution, the crusade against river blindness, and the introduction of oral rehydration therapy (PAPER 1). Review by Papanek (1973) disagreed with the negative outcome of Griffin and Enos (1970) that by not adding capital flow to foreign aid and other inflows, a significantly positive aid coefficient can be achieved. In contrast, using a sample of 22 Less Developed Countries 1956-1968, Voivodas (1973) achieved an insignificant negative aid impact on growth. This early periods can be characterised with poor quality of data thereby causing ambiguity in their results(TAB 5). More recently, Knack (2000) debates that an increase in foreign aid increases corruption, rent-seeking and corrodes institutional quality thus having an adverse effect on growth. However, with better data, Dowling and Hiemenz (1983) used the pooled data for 13 Asian countries to test for impact of aid on growth and discovered a significantly positive relationship. In their research, they controlled for certain policy variables like government intervention and trade. While Levy (1988) considered Sub-Saharan Africa and also achieved a significantly positive correlation haven used a regression model with income per capita and aid as a ratio of GDP for 1968-1982(TAB 5). Using 41 countries 1986-1992, Hadjimichael et al. (1995) discovered a positive aid-growth relationship. More recently, Burnside and Dollar (1997) used a model with various policy variables and learnt that aid alone does not directly influence growth in LDCs but when policy variables interact with aid will have a significant impact on economic growth (World Bank, 1998) (TAB 1). The potential side effects of foreign aid as well as certain policy variables were captured in the above mentioned models thus making them slightly more sophisticated than previous research. These studies can be criticised in many ways. Boone (1996) disagrees with the positive aid-growth relationship, stating that aid has no effect on both investment and income growth in LDCs (tab 5). While Easterly, Levine and Roodman (2003) used a higher sample size to reanalyse Burnside and Dollars review, thereby finding that the coefficients of the result is not as significant(TAB 1). Similarly, the most mentioned criticism is the poorly defined growth model where researchers growth model may ignore certain economic activities that would have enabled a more sophisticated empirical growth model in which aid would be a reliable growth factor (TAB 5). An example is Gupta (1975) and Gupta and Islam (1983) who discovered that the negative effect of foreign capital can be reversed if indirect effects were incorporated. On the other hand, Mosley (1980) found a negative (although not significant) correlation in aid and growth haven used a simultaneous equation model. He however, found a positive correlation in the case of LDCs in his sample but in total concludes that his analysis is incomplete. A major shortcoming of the previous research is the deficiency in the growth models. Most of which identify capital accumulation alone as a growth factor but others have thoroughly considered the problem of sufficient model requirement. Mosley (1987) and Dowling and Hiemenz (1983) considered variables representing trade and government activities, while Burnside and Dollar (1997) and Hadjimichael et al. (1995) used macroeconomic variables in their growth model. In contrast, reviews on determinants of growth in LDCs do not consider the effect of aid rather it includes only variables of total savings and investment (Fischer, 1991, 1993; Easterly, 1993; Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 1995) (TAB 5). On the whole, the aid-growth relationship can be considered to be full of loopholes and should be further researched. Sample countries regions should be considered as it influences economic growth but has been ignored in economic growth analysis (Gallup, Sachs and Mellinger, 1999)(TAB 1). This study will revolve round impact of aid on growth in intensification on the growth model: the Fischer-Easterly model (Fischer, 1991, 1993; Easterly, 1993). The model will concentrate on macroeconomic policies which encompass the total framework of the aid-growth relationship as argued earlier that aid only increases growth in the presence of sound economic policies in recipient countries (TAB 5). The model specification will be further broken down to include policy variables as well as all key investment sources (domestic savings, foreign aid, private and other inflows) (TAB 5). This study will also strive to surmount past criticism of aid-growth models by applying a cross-section econometric te chnique to a large sample size(50 developing countries) over a long period (1980-2005) (TAB 5). RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Does foreign aid have a positive impact on economic growth across developing countries? Does foreign aid have a diminishing return as volume of aid increases? Does foreign aid have a diminishing return as volume of aid increases? To test for Hypothesis: H0: that foreign aid induces economic growth H1: that foreign aid does not induce economic growth RESEARCH STRATEGY METHODOLOGY: The research will be highly empirical with the use of secondary data obtained from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund database. The use of Cross Section techniques and the Augmented Fischer-Easterly model in order to control for macroeconomic stability/instability and policy distortions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The data trend in foreign capital flow to 50 developing countries (number of countries may reduce due to unavailability of data) between 1980- 2005 will be analysed. These figures will be in nominal rates to avoid appropriate deflator problems. MODEL SPECIFICATION: Cross section techniques will be used to examine the impact of the data averaging through 1980-2005 and for comparism with previous research. The model will take the form: The study is aimed at making a major contribution to the empirical argument on the capability of foreign aid to induce economic growth in developing countries. The Augmented Fischer-Easterly growth model will be used where macroeconomic variables and foreign aid as well as other financial investment sources are considered in calculating economic growth. (TAB 5).